Early Computers | 1930s - 1980s AD

What is an abacus?
able to perform simple math calculations
In 1936,  Zuse invented this type of computer?
First freely programable computer


Post a photo of the 1944 Mark Computer.
In 1944, Aiken and Hopper designed the Mark Series of computers to be used for what?

used by the US navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations

Post a photo of the UNIVAC Computer.
In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed the first commercial computer for whom?
Census Bureau

What does UNIVAC stand for?
Universal Automatic Computer


In 1953, IBM enters the scene. What does IBM stand for?
International Business Machines


What is FORTRAN?
the IBM mathematical formula translating system


Post a photo of the first mouse.
In 1964, how did Engelbart change the way computers worked?
made them more user-freindly

What is the significance of ARPnet?
the first internet


In 1971, Intel introduced this? Post a photo of it.
first single chip microprocessor

In the same year, IBM introduced this? Post a photo of one.
memory disk

In 1973, Metcalf and Xerox created this?
the first ethernet computer network






During the next several years, the first consumer computers were marketed. Post photos of the UNIVAC Computer, Apple I, Apple II, TRS-80, Commodore PET. Label each.

UNIVAC Computer

Apple I

Apple II

TRS-80

Commodore PET

In 1981, Bill Gates and Microsoft introduced this package?
Post a photo of the Lisa computer.
MS-DOS Computer operating system

In 1983, who introduced the Lisa computer?
Apple


What is GUI?

Graphical User Interface


Post a photo of the computer mentioned below.
In 1984, a more affordable home computer was introduced. Name the computer and the company that marketed it?
GUI/Apple Macintosh Computer

The commercial only ran one time. When?
Superbowl


In response to the Apple GUI, Gates and Microsoft introduced this?
Windows Operating System


Two men are known for their development of the Apple I computer. Who are they?
Steve Jobs (chief executive officer of Apple Inc.) and Steve Wozniak (full-time employment)


When was the internet that we know, world wide web, developed and introduced?
1979-1991


Over the years, Apple has included "easter eggs" within their software. What is an "easter egg"?
international "hidden features

Where do you think computers will take us in the next 10 years?
everything will be on computers/no paper

Photography | 1839 - 1960s AD

Until the 1880s, how were news stories illustrated?
-printing press

What is a camera obscura?
-a way to absubrb light 

Post an example of a camera obscura.
How did scholars and artists utilize the camera obscure?-safe observation of solar eclipses and the phases of the moon

From where did the photographic camera develop?
-portable box

Who first used the term "photography"? Where was is derived from?
-Sir John Hershel/ the greek words for light and writing 

Post an the first photograph.  
Who is credited with making the first successful photograph?-Joseph Niepece 

Post an example of a Daguerreotype image.
Who invented the Daguerreotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?-Daguerre/ good, but expensive 

Post an example of a Calotype image.
Who invented the Calotype process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
-William Fox Talbot/ very modernized, but bad quality

Post an example of a Wet Collodion Process image.
Who invented the Wet Collodion process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
-Frederick Scott Archer. reduced exposure, but expensive

Post an example of a Dry Plate Process image.
Who invented the Dry Plate process? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the process?
-Richard Maddox/ good, but still too complicated for the public

Who is George Eastman? What company did he establish? 
-invented roll film/ Kodak 

Post an example of The Kodak Camera from 1888.
In 1888, he produced a camera that use his flexible roll film. How did he make this camera/photography accessible to the public?
-they could send the camera roll in

What is Edwin Land best known for? What company did he establish?
-patenting polarized light filters/ Polaroid Corporation 

Post a photo of the first Polaroid camera.
How long did the first Polaroid camera take to produce a photo?
-60 seconds

What was Eadweard Muybridge known for?
-paved the way for motion picture photography 

Post a photo of the Zoopraxiscope.
What is the Zoopraxiscope?
-used to project a series of images in a successive phases of motion 

Post a photo of Muybridge's horse in motion.
How did Muybridge settle the debate and photograph a horse in motion?-put cameras in place of each line 

In 1880s, the development of the motion picture camera allowed this?
-individual images to be captured and stored on a single film reel 

Post a photo of a motion picture projector.
What is a motion picture projector?
-shine a ligth through the film and magnify the "moving picture" ontp a screen for an audience 

The Linotype Machine | 1886 AD

Who is credited with the invention of the typewriter?
-Christopher Sholes

What is a "stenographer"?
-records words that a spoken 

Post an example of Shole's typewriter.
Why did Sholes send a prototype of his typewriter to Clephane?

After the typewriter began production, why did Clephane pursue another machine?
-He wanted to improve it

Who spent a year redesigning Clephane's typesetting machine?
-Mergenthaler

What is meant by "typesetting"?
-one the would bridge the gap between the typewriter and the printed page 

Post an example of Linotype Machine.
How does the Linotype Machine differ from the typewriter?
-typed mechanically rather than by hand

How did this machine change the newspaper industry?
-allowed them to type quicker

Post an example of a Linotype keyboard.
How did the keyboard of the Linotype Machine differ from keyboards that we use today?
-had the same alphabet arrangement twice

Post an example of a Linotype slug.
What is a slug?
-the assembled line of type

Post an example of a person operating a Linotype Machine.
Why is the Linotype Machine the greatest advanced in printing since movable type?

-things are abled to be completed faster 

The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
invented the technology of printing with moveable type 



Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.

How did the printing press work?
not that great



What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
his love to read



Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?
that was all he had at the time



Post an example of movable type in a type case.

What is moveable type?
is te system of printing that uses movable components o reproduce the elements of a document



What is a matrix?
can be reused so the same character appearing anywhere within the book will appear very uniform



What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
oil-based ink



What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
substrate from wood pulp; Ts'ai Lun

What is a "substrate"?


Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened? Schoffer/ Gutenberg died



What was the first book he printed?Post an example of this book.
Bible 


How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
perfected script and made it easier to read, books made more rapidly, and current information could be shared locally around the world



Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton



What was the early form of newspapers?
trade newsletters



When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
1704/ The Boston Letter



What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?
pres completely made of cast iron 



Post an example of a 1930s printing press.
By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. 

What is meant by "impression"?
words



Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?
lithography/ it is made through a machine 



Post an example of an intaglio press.
What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
image area is etched into the plate surface to hold the ink 

Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.
What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?
basic stencil process/ forced through the open mesh areas 

Post an example of a lithography printing press.
What is lithography and how is ink transferred?
printing from a flat surface

Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.
What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
Offset lithography

How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
Ours are more technology and computer based.



Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?
Cyan, magenta, yellow, and black 

The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD

Post an example of a scroll.
What were the drawbacks of the scroll?

they only allowed for sequential usage

Post an example of a codex.
What is a codex?

covered and bound collection of hand written pages 

"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
it was like a big block

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
you have to read it in order/ you can flip to whatever page

What were the advantages of using the codex?
compactness, sturdiness, ease of reference, and random access

What helped spread the use of the codex?
Christianity

What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
parchment/ made from animal skin, hair and fat removed and skin was smoothed out, wet, and dried

What is vellum?
finer qualities of parchment were made from skins of young calves

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?


What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
fall of the Roman Empire 

Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.
Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?

monks

What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
the borders, illustrations, and ornamentation added to each page of text

What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
guill pens

Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
the work was laborious

What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?
how well your are able to do the work/ it makes the design either look good or look bad 

The Phoenician Alphabet | 1050 BC

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?one sign represents one spoken sound

Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them?
angular and straight/incised with a stylus

What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?
trading/allowed it to be used in multiple languages

What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?
first widespread script

Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.

Hieroglyphics and the Egyptians | 3,000 BC

In the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt?
-Persians, Greeks, and Romans


Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.
What was discovered on the inside of the temples?

Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?
-Cuneiform





What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?-logographic: Visual symbols representing ideas or objects
-alphabetic:Used for document writing



The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words?
-Hero and Glyphic



What is a scribe?
-Priest who worked in temples




Who else was trained to read and write? Why?
-military leaders; communicate while in battle



Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.

What is papyrus and how was it made?


What is a substrate?
-made from weeds native to Egypt



What were the Books of the Dead?
-instructions for afterlife



How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?
-non-christian temples were ordered to be closed 


Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.

What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?
-deciphered hieroglyphics; Rosetta

What three languages are included on the stone?
-Egyptian hieroglyphics, Demotic, and Greece



Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?
-a piece was broken off



Who finally deciphered the text? What was his breakthrough?
-Jean Francois Champollion/ when he was able to match the hieroglyphic symbols with greek version of the name



Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?
-we now know about the ancient hieroglyphics 

Assignment 14

Brainstorm and Inspiration
-bright
-colorful
-loud

Inspiration

I like this poster because of the background. It looks like a wrinkled paper. It adds some diversity to it. Not just a plain color. In addition, due to optical illusion, your eyes go directly to the face. He looks like he is having a great time as a web designer, so it makes the viewer want to have a fun job also. I like the use of colors, as well. 

This design shows that there are many different careers out there for many different people. I like the use of the plain door and wall, then the crazy legs. 

Visual Organization

Visual Organization:
-not directing the audience through a design is misdirecting them

Eye Movement:

- the typical eye moves left to right and top to bottom 

-controlling eye movement within  a composition is a matter of directing the natural scanning tendency of the viewer's eye 

-the eye tends to gravitate towards areas of complexity first. In picture of people, the eye is always attracted to the face and partially the eye 

-light areas f a composition ill attract the eye, especially when adjacent to a dark area 

-diagonal lines or edges will guide eye movement 

Optical Center: spot where the human eye tends to enter the page

-slightly above mathematical (or exact) center and just to the left

-it takes a compelling element to pull your eyes away from this spot 

Z Pattern: our visual pattern makes a sweep of the page, generally, in the shape of a "Z"
-effective page design maps a viewer's route though the information. The designer's objective is to lead the viewer's eye to the important elements to information

Four Guidelines:
-use no more than 2 fonts per page/ make sure they should compliment each other
-avoid all caps unless necessary
-choose the right font
-do not overuse fancy and complicated fonts

www.typography.com/email/2010_03_2010_03/index.htm

Visual Hierarchy
-establishes focal points
-establish your order of elements
-What do I want my viewer to see first?

The Grid:
-way of organizing content on a page, using any combination of margins, guide lines, rows, and columns
-can assist the audience by breaking into into manageable chunks and establishing relationships between text and images
-consists of a distinct set of alignment-based relationships that act as guides for distributing elements across a format
-used to help clarify the message being communicated and to unify the elements